Digging things up…
Digging things up…
Essential Linux and bash commands — files, permissions, processes, networking, text processing.
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ls -lahList files with human-readable sizes, including hidden.ls -ltList files sorted by modification time (newest first).cd -Switch to the previous directory.pwdPrint the current working directory.mkdir -p a/b/cCreate nested directories (no error if exists).cp -r src/ dest/Recursively copy a directory.mv file newnameMove or rename a file.rm -rf dir/Force-remove a directory and contents. Be careful!find . -name "*.log" -deleteFind and delete all .log files recursively.find . -mtime -7 -type fFind files modified in the last 7 days.touch file.txtCreate an empty file or update modification time.ln -s /path/to/file linkCreate a symbolic link.stat fileDisplay file metadata (size, permissions, timestamps).du -sh *Show disk usage of each item in current directory.df -hShow disk usage of all mounted filesystems.cat file.txtPrint file contents to stdout.less file.txtPage through a file (q to quit).head -n 20 fileShow the first 20 lines of a file.tail -n 20 fileShow the last 20 lines.tail -f /var/log/syslogFollow a log file in real-time.wc -l fileCount lines in a file.grep -r "pattern" .Recursively search for pattern in current directory.grep -n "pattern" fileSearch with line numbers.grep -i "pattern" fileCase-insensitive search.grep -v "pattern" fileInvert match — show lines NOT matching.grep -c "pattern" fileCount matching lines.awk '{print $1}' filePrint the first column of each line.sed -i "s/old/new/g" fileReplace all occurrences of "old" with "new" in-place.sort -k2 -n fileSort by the second column numerically.uniq -cCount repeated lines (pipe from sort first).ps auxList all running processes with CPU/memory usage.ps aux | grep nodeFind all Node.js processes.kill -9 <pid>Force-kill a process by PID.pkill -f "process name"Kill processes matching a name pattern.topInteractive process monitor (q to quit).htopBetter interactive process monitor (if installed).jobsList background jobs in current shell.bg %1Resume job 1 in the background.fg %1Bring job 1 to the foreground.nohup cmd &Run command in background, immune to hangups.chmod 755 fileSet file permissions to rwxr-xr-x.chmod +x script.shMake a script executable.chown user:group fileChange ownership of a file.chown -R user:group dir/Recursively change ownership.umask 022Set default file creation permissions mask.ssh user@hostConnect to a remote host via SSH.ssh -i key.pem user@hostSSH with a specific key file.scp file user@host:/pathSecurely copy file to remote host.rsync -avz src/ user@host:dest/Sync directories over SSH efficiently.curl -I https://example.comFetch HTTP response headers only.curl -o file.zip https://urlDownload a file with curl.wget https://urlDownload a file with wget.netstat -tulpnShow listening ports and associated processes.ss -tulpnModern replacement for netstat.lsof -i :3000Find process listening on port 3000.ping -c 4 hostSend 4 ICMP pings to a host.traceroute hostShow the route packets take to a host.echo $PATHPrint the current PATH variable.export VAR=valueSet an environment variable for the current session.source ~/.bashrcReload shell configuration.history | grep cmdSearch command history.ctrl+rReverse search through command history.!!Repeat the last command.!$Refer to the last argument of the previous command.alias ll="ls -lah"Create a command alias.xargsBuild command lines from stdin — e.g., cat files.txt | xargs rm.tee fileRead stdin and write to both stdout and a file.